Workshop Manuals Factory service & repair Land Rover
01 Freelander 2001 TO 2004MY Onwards Workshop Manual - System Description and Operation - 5th Edition - NAS02 03 04 05 06 07 08 ENGINE - K SERIES KV609 10 11 12 EMISSION CONTROL - K SERIES KV613 14 15 16 17 18 19 ENGINE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM - SIEMENS20 FUEL DELIVERY SYSTEM - K SERIES KV621 22 23 COOLING SYSTEM - K SERIES KV624 25 MANIFOLD AND EXHAUST SYSTEM - K SERIES KV626 27 INTERMEDIATE REDUCTION DRIVE28 AUTOMATIC GEARBOX - JATCO29 DRIVESHAFTS30 31 REAR AXLE AND FINAL DRIVE32 STEERING33 FRONT SUSPENSION34 35 REAR SUSPENSION36 37 BRAKES38 RESTRAINT SYSTEMS39 HEATING AND VENTILATION40 41 AIR CONDITIONING42 43 44 WIPERS AND WASHERS45 CONTROL UNITS46 47 COMMUNICATION DATA BUSES48 49 SECURITY50 51 52 WINDOWS53 54 55 DRIVING AIDS56 NAVIGATION SYSTEM57 58 INSTRUMENTS
Land Rover Freelander System Description and Operation32 · STEERING
32 · Steering & suspension

Steering Rack Operation (page 2 of 2)

Make
Land Rover
Model
Freelander System Description and Operation
Section
Operation
STEERINGSteering Rack Operation · page 2 of 2
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STEERING

DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION

57-13

Right Steering (RHD Models; Left Steering on LHD Models)
Clockwise (on RHD, anti-clockwise on LHD) rotation of the steering wheel rotates the input shaft and the torsion bar 
in the same direction. The slots in the input shaft move out of their neutral alignment with the slots in the outer sleeve, 
as the torsion bar twists, and restricts the flow back to the reservoir. This restriction causes the supply pressure from 
the PAS pump to increase. The increased PAS pump pressure is directed to the annulus side of the hydraulic cylinder. 
Due to the relative displacement of the slots, the full area side of the cylinder is opened to return, producing a pressure 
difference across the piston. This results in a linear output force along the rack which provides the power assistance 
to turn the road wheels in the appropriate direction.

Left Steering (RHD Models; Right Steering on LHD Models)
Anti-clockwise (on RHD, clockwise on LHD) rotation of the steering wheel rotates the input shaft and the torsion bar 
in the same direction. The slots in the input shaft move out of their neutral alignment with the slots in the outer sleeve, 
as the torsion bar twists, and restricts the flow back to the reservoir. This restriction causes the supply pressure from 
the PAS pump to increase. The increased PAS pump pressure is directed to the annulus side of the hydraulic cylinder. 
Due to the relative displacement of the slots the increased PAS pump pressure is also applied to the full area side of 
the cylinder. The difference in effective areas on each side of the piston produces a linear output force along the rack 
which provides the power assistance to turn the road wheels in the appropriate direction.

Progressive Assistance 
Progressive power assistance is dependent on the amount of road wheel resistance opposing the turning of the front 
wheels. When the steering wheel is turned to the left or right, the rotary movement is transferred through the steering 
column to the input shaft which rotates the same amount as the steering wheel. The rotary movement is also 
transferred from the input shaft to the torsion bar. If the road wheel resistance is high, e.g. when parking, the torsion 
bar will twist. The twisting of the torsion bar means that the rotary movement of the pinion and the outer sleeve is less 
than that of the input shaft.

The twisting of the torsion bar moves the slots in the input shaft and the torsion bar out of alignment. The greater the 
resistance of the road wheels to the steering rotary movement, the greater the misalignment of the slots in the input 
shaft and outer sleeve. As the misalignment becomes greater, the restriction in the return flow of fluid to the reservoir 
increases and therefore the fluid pressure applied to the hydraulic cylinder also increases. As the fluid pressure 
increases, so does the amount of assistance provided.

When the road wheel resistance reduces or less effort is applied to the steering wheel, the reduced torque applied to 
the input shaft allows the torsion bar to unwind. This reduces the misalignment between the slots in the input shaft 
and the outer sleeve, reducing the fluid pressure applied to the hydraulic cylinder and therefore the amount of 
assistance provided.

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